Human skin binds Harvard Library book

Scientists and conservators carried out a series of tests on Houghton Library's copy of the French writer Arsene Houssaye's "Des destinees de l'ame" and concluded that the binding material came from a human.

According to the library, Houssaye presented the text, described as "a meditation on the soul and life after death," to one of his friends, a book-loving medical doctor, in the mid-1880s.

The recipient, Dr Ludovic Bouland, bound the book "with skin from the unclaimed body of a female mental patient who had died of a stroke," the library said.

Bouland left a note in the volume explaining what he had done.

"A book about the human soul deserved to have a human covering," he wrote.

Although binding a book in another person's skin may seem creepy nowadays, the library says it was not always so unusual and reviled.

"Termed anthropodermic bibliopegy, the binding of books in human skin has occurred at least since the 16th century," it said.

The macabre version of "Des destinees de l'ame" was deposited at Houghton Library in 1934 by a book collector and given to the library permanently 20 years later by the collector's widow.

The Crimson, Harvard's college newspaper, reported in 2006 that there were at least three books in the university's vast collection that were bound in human skin.

But Houghton Library said that testing of the other two volumes, at the Harvard Law School Library and the Harvard Medical School's Countway Library, established that they were actually wrapped in sheepskin.

"Houghton's book is now the only known book at Harvard bound in human skin," said the library, the college's main repository for rare books and manuscripts.

The tests, taking microscopic samples from various parts of the binding, allowed analysts to identify the source of the material through its proteins.

The analysis of "Des destinees de l'ame" matched "the human reference, and clearly eliminated other common parchment sources, such as sheep, cattle and goat," said Bill Lane, the director of the Harvard Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics Resource Laboratory.