Goats, chicken help end poverty

Vast anti-poverty apparatus have given a miss to India’s excluded people. The country has almost 216 million people, or 43 million households, with no assets

Some interventions in day-to-day living have led to a 15 per cent increase in assets, 26 per cent growth in consumption and 96 per cent rise in savings among the ultra-poor, or those with no assets, in India, according to a new six-country study that followed the lives of 21,000 of the world's poorest people. Examples of such intervention are: A chicken, goat or a similar productive asset; Goods such as betel leaves and vegetables for a small shop; Training on using such assets; Money to reduce incentives to sell assets in an emergency; Frequent personal mentoring or coaching; Health education; and Savings services for between 18 and 24 months.

These interventions follow what is called the "graduation model", a programme that endeavours to help the poorest people upward and out of poverty, and could have seminal implications for Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s government, as it attempts to move from costlier, broad subsidies to clearly-targeted interventions. Apart from India, the graduation model was tested in Ethiopia, Ghana, Honduras, Pakistan and Peru by researchers from the Abdul Latif Jameel Poverty Action Lab (J-PAL) of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in Boston, US.

“The programme’s approach differs from that of micro-credit or self-help groups as households are not required to repay the asset cost. Further, the training and intensive hand-holding helps beneficiaries fully benefit from their chosen self-employment activities,” according to economist Abhijit Banerjee, J-PAL founder, and one of the researchers. Micro-credit programmes tend to serve those just below, or even above, the poverty line, typically excluding the poorest. In India, it has meant a 433 per cent return on investment The J-PAL research in India was carried out in West Bengal by Bandhan-Konnagar, the not-for-profit arm of Bandhan Financial Services, and offered a 433 per cent return on investment.

“We gave [a] stipend for a year and provided support for 18-24 months. The per beneficiary cost worked out to Rs 20,000-25,000, with 70 per cent spent on the asset and stipend, 10 per cent on training and 20 per cent on managing and monitoring the project for two years,” said Shekhar Ghosh, chairman of Bandhan Financial Services. Those in the programme group had significantly more assets and savings, spent more time working, went hungry on fewer days and experienced lower levels of stress and improved physical health, said Ghosh. Across the six countries, researchers tracked 10,495 households to test the graduation approach.

Researchers used a “randomised controlled-trial methodology”, in which they tracked people invited to participate in the two-year programme and a similar group that was not, and compared how their lives changed up to a year after the programme ended. Vast anti-poverty apparatus have given a miss to India’s excluded people. The country has almost 216 million people, or 43 million households, with no assets, as IndiaSpend has reported. Of those with zero assets, nearly 80 million people-the population of Germany-or 16 million households are Adivasis.

The government runs various social-security programmes. Some are employment-led, such as the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA), which promises 100 days of work per person annually, and the National Rural Livelihoods Mission (NRLM) which trains rural youth to be self-employed. Others, such as the food-security mission, promise rice and wheat at subsidised prices and offer support in kind and cash, such as old-age pensions. There has been a 125 per cent rise in funding, from Rs.47,014 crore in 2013-14 to Rs.1,06,115 crore in 2015-16.

This vast anti-poverty apparatus – one of the world’s most extensive – barely addresses the needs of the asset-less class of Indians. As IndiaSpend reported previously, schemes like the NRLM are struggling in areas with a significant rural population because self-help groups were not being formed or could not be formed. The study results prompted NGO partner Bandhan to scale up the programme to 32,280 families in six states: West Bengal, Bihar, Odisha, Assam, Tripura and Madhya Pradesh. The programme is also being scaled up in 20 other countries.

By Prachi Salve