What are the causes behind the increasing number of cancer cases

The increasing number of cancer cases in rapidly growing economies like India is a multifaceted issue that warrants a comprehensive understanding of both global and localized factors. As the world’s second most populous country, India’s cancer burden reflects a complex interplay of socioeconomic growth, lifestyle changes, environmental factors, and healthcare accessibility. This essay delves into these causative factors to elucidate the reasons behind the rising cancer prevalence in India.

Economic Growth and Lifestyle Changes

With economic development, there's a notable shift in lifestyle patterns among the population. Urbanization, increased disposable income, and the adoption of Western diets and sedentary lifestyles have significantly contributed to the rise in cancer cases. Diets high in processed foods and low in fresh fruits and vegetables, combined with decreased physical activity, lead to obesity, a known risk factor for various cancers, including breast, colorectal, and prostate cancer. A study published in the "Lancet Oncology" highlights the link between obesity and increased cancer risk, underscoring the impact of lifestyle changes on cancer prevalence.

Environmental Pollution

India's rapid industrialization has unfortunately been accompanied by significant environmental degradation. Air, water, and soil pollution are recognized carcinogens. For instance, the World Health Organization has classified outdoor air pollution as a Group 1 carcinogen. Industrial emissions, vehicular exhaust, and the use of biomass fuels contribute to air pollution, increasing the risk of lung, throat, and other cancers. The widespread use of pesticides in agriculture also raises concerns about chemical exposure and its association with cancer, as noted in research published by the National Institute of Cancer Prevention and Research in India.

Tobacco and Alcohol Consumption

Tobacco use, both smoking and smokeless, is a leading cause of cancer in India, accounting for a significant proportion of oral, lung, and throat cancers. Despite public health campaigns and legislation to curb tobacco use, its consumption remains high, fueled by cultural acceptance and affordability. Similarly, increased alcohol consumption in a growing economy contributes to higher rates of liver and breast cancers. The Indian Council of Medical Research has reported on the direct correlation between these lifestyle factors and cancer incidence, emphasizing the need for targeted prevention strategies.

Healthcare Access and Awareness

While India has improved healthcare access, disparities still exist, particularly in rural versus urban areas. Late diagnosis is common due to a lack of awareness, limited screening programs, and inadequate healthcare facilities in certain regions. This leads to a higher mortality rate from cancers that could be treatable if detected early. Furthermore, there is a shortage of specialized cancer care centers and trained oncologists relative to the population size, as detailed in a report by the World Health Organization on cancer care in India.

Genetic and Biological Factors

Genetic predispositions also play a role in the rising number of cancer cases. For instance, specific genetic mutations prevalent in the Indian population have been linked to an increased risk of breast and ovarian cancers. Research is ongoing to better understand these ethnic-specific risk factors and develop targeted intervention strategies.

Conclusion

The rising number of cancer cases in India is a reflection of its growing economy's mixed blessings. While economic development brings improved living standards, it also introduces lifestyle changes and environmental challenges that contribute to the cancer burden. Addressing this issue requires a multipronged approach: promoting healthy lifestyles, improving public awareness about cancer prevention, enhancing healthcare access and quality, and implementing effective environmental policies. Collaborative efforts involving government, healthcare institutions, and the community are crucial to stem the tide of increasing cancer prevalence and ensure a healthier future for India.

(The author is Associate Dean for Academic Affairs,Professor Biochemistry,American University of Antigua College of Medicine)