Demographic dividend or demographic burden?

It has been an eventful three years for the Narendra Modi government. Back in 2014, the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) had inherited a system that was peppered with corruption scandals and where terms like policy paralysis, indecision and logjam were commonplace. However, such perceptions have changed and the country has come a long way.

On the economic front, the country displayed some worrying trends in 2014 that seem to have been contained. The average CPI (combined) inflation that was 9.5 per cent in 2013-14 had declined to 3.7 per cent by February 2017. This was mainly led by a drastic fall in food inflation from double digits to merely two per cent in February 2017.

Other serious causes of concern when the Modi government took over were the widening fiscal and current account deficits. The fiscal deficit as a ratio of GDP was 4.5 per cent in 2013-14, while the current account deficit (CAD) stood at 4.8 per cent of GDP. The former has fallen to 3.5 per cent for 2016-17 and the latter is just a tad above one per cent.

Moreover, the CAD has been largely funded by elevated levels of foreign direct investment (FDI) inflows that tend to remain in the economy for a longer term than volatile foreign institutional investment (FII) funds. India's annual FDI inflows have more than doubled in the last three years from $22 billion to $46 billion.

This boost has been driven by the government's consistent efforts to woo foreign investment through its Make in India campaign. Since the launch of the campaign, India has received close to $100 billion as FDI inflows. Macro-economic stability has clearly improved in the last three years along with a rise in the country's growth rate despite subdued global economic conditions.

India's GDP growth rate has risen from 6.5 per cent in 2013-14 to almost seven per cent in 2016-17, despite the dampening effect of demonetisation on the economy. The country's competitiveness also witnessed a sharp jump as evidenced by the Global Competitiveness Index (GCI) prepared by the World Economic Forum. Among 138 nations, India's GCI rankings improved from 60 to 39 in the last three years.

On the institutional front, there were numerous bold initiatives undertaken by the government during the period. To begin with, the Nehruvian-era Planning Commission was dismantled and replaced with the NITI Aayog, which has become the government's go-to think-tank. To rein in inflation, which had become a constant irritant, the Monetary Policy Committee was set up to independently decide interest rates for the economy to achieve pre-defined inflation targets.

The government has also been making positive institutional changes to achieve its aim of improving the country's ease of doing business. India's ranking has not considerably improved, but it has made significant gains on some fronts. For instance, the process of company registration and incorporation, which took 7+5 days in 2014, has been brought down to a single day.

These improvements are a result of a drastic reduction of unnecessary bureaucratic processes by leveraging technology. On a related note, stringent monitoring of files across government departments has ensured that delay in government clearances do not hold up projects, which had become a worrying problem for the previous government and was hurting investment activities across the country.

The implementation of GST from July will be yet another long-desired institutional reform that will make business operations more efficient. The creation of jobs is an issue that the country has been grappling with since over a decade. Jobless growth has been the norm for the Indian economy due to concentration of that growth in sectors that are not labour intensive.

Tackling the problem requires action on multiple fronts ranging from higher skilling in emerging sectors to a more radical movement of the economy towards a more manufacturing-led growth. Creation of jobs in an economy that adds a million people to its workforce every month is easier said than done.

However, failing to do so puts the country at risk of converting its demographic dividend to a demographic burden. These two issues need to be at the top of the government's agenda. In the last three years, it has proved itself to be more than capable of resolving such difficult issues.

By Amit Kapoor