Studies find potential risks associated with antenatal steroids

Researchers investigated the potential health risks for infants of giving steroid drugs to women who are at risk of premature birth. Taken together, the findings emphasized the importance of doctors being aware of the potential risks and exercising caution when considering antenatal steroid treatment. Babies born prematurely have a higher risk of death and serious complications such as breathing difficulties, brain bleeding, and infection than babies born at term. These issues are more severe the earlier the baby is born.

Corticosteroids are known to improve the chances of a baby being born prematurely surviving and having fewer health issues. They should ideally be given before 34 weeks of pregnancy and within one week of birth. However, their effects on later childhood health are less well understood, particularly when the administration is "mistimed" and infants are born at term.

The first is based on data from Taiwan's National Health Insurance Research Database (NHIRD) for nearly 2 million children born between 2008 and 2019. It demonstrates that antenatal corticosteroid exposure, compared to no exposure, is associated with an increased risk of serious infection, including sepsis and pneumonia, during the first 12 months of life.Further analyses suggested the increase in the risk of serious childhood infection is greater for infants born at term than for those born preterm.

The authors acknowledged that these are observational findings so no firm conclusions can be drawn about cause and effect, and that further investigation is needed to replicate the findings in other populations. However, they said, "Clinicians need to be aware of the increased risk of rare but serious infection among children exposed to antenatal corticosteroids."

The second study, based on data from seven randomized controlled trials and 10 population studies involving 1.6 million infants born since 2000, showed that around 40 per cent of infants treated with antenatal corticosteroids are born at term. For these children, exposure to antenatal corticosteroids was associated with an increased risk of short and long-term health issues, such as admission to neonatal intensive care, breathing problems, and reduced growth.

Again, the researchers recognised that drawing firm conclusions about the impact of antenatal corticosteroids on later health is difficult as findings were mainly from observational studies, with low or very low certainty evidence, and more follow-up of randomised studies is important. Nevertheless, they say caution might be warranted when using antenatal corticosteroids. And they call for better prediction tools for preterm birth and enhanced criteria for the administration of antenatal corticosteroids, along with a less liberal approach to the use of antenatal corticosteroids.

Despite the limitations of these papers, some tentative conclusions can still be drawn that may influence clinical practice, say specialist neonatal doctors in a linked editorial. For example, they say reducing the frequency of mistimed antenatal corticosteroid administration should remain a focus for all health professionals working in this area, and emphasise the need for further high-quality data investigating longer-term outcomes in children who were exposed to mistimed antenatal corticosteroids.

They also point out their professional duty to fully counsel parents about the benefits as well as potential harms of any proposed treatment that could affect their offspring. Finally, they said, "These studies highlight the challenge of preventive treatments in fetal and neonatal medicine and should remind clinicians and parents that there is no such thing as a risk-free drug."